Buying a home is exciting, but it can also feel confusing if you don’t know where to start.
Many first-time buyers wonder what they need to buy a house, from credit scores and documents to hidden costs that aren’t always obvious.
If you’re asking yourself these questions, you’re not alone. In this guide, I will walk you through the essentials – financial requirements, the paperwork you’ll need, different loan options, and the full step-by-step process.
Keep reading to find out how to prepare for every part of the homebuying process.
Home Buying Requirements
Buying a home means meeting certain requirements before lenders approve your loan.
1. Financial Requirements
When planning to buy a house, the first step is meeting basic financial requirements. Most lenders want a credit score of at least 580 for FHA loans, 620 for conventional, and 640+ for USDA or VA (though VA can be flexible).
Down payments range from 3.5% for FHA, 3–20% for conventional, and 0% for VA/USDA. Your debt-to-income ratio (DTI) should stay below 43%.
For example, with a $70,000 income (~$5,833 monthly), a safe housing budget is $1,500–$1,800 per month – typically enough for a $250k–$300k home, depending on rates and other debts
2. Essential Documents
When preparing to buy a house, having the right documents ready is just as important as meeting the financial requirements.
- Income Verification: Lenders need to see proof of steady earnings. This usually includes W-2s, recent pay stubs, and tax returns. If you’re self-employed, you’ll also provide 1099s or profit-and-loss statements.
- Assets and Funds: To show you can cover upfront costs, lenders ask for bank statements from the past 2–3 months and sometimes retirement or investment account records. Unusual deposits may need an explanation.
- Identification and History: A valid photo ID is required, and some lenders may also check rental history or proof of on-time payments, especially for first-time buyers or those with limited credit history.
- Additional Documents (if applicable): Depending on your situation, you may need loan statements, gift letters, or legal documents like divorce decrees or child support orders if they affect your finances.
3. Loan Options & Pre-Approval
It’s important to understand loan options and pre-approval. FHA loans are government-backed and allow lower credit scores with down payments starting at 3.5%.
VA loans serve veterans and active-duty members, usually with no down payment. USDA loans help rural buyers with low-to-moderate incomes, also offering zero-down options.
Conventional loans require stronger credit but provide flexibility and competitive rates. Pre-qualification is an informal estimate based on self-reported data, while pre-approval involves documentation and a credit check, giving you an edge when making offers.
Always shop multiple lenders – comparing rates, terms, and fees can save thousands over the life of your mortgage.
First-Time Home Buyer Programs
First-time buyer programs can significantly reduce the financial strain of purchasing a home.
HUD programs not only connect buyers with approved lenders but also require housing education courses, which prepare you for budgeting, mortgages, and long-term homeownership.
At the state level, many housing finance agencies offer grants or forgivable second mortgages that can cover part of your down payment or closing costs. Some even provide reduced interest rates or tax credits.
Down Payment Assistance (DPA) options vary, including outright grants, low-interest loans added to your mortgage, or deferred-payment loans repayable only when you sell or refinance.
Since eligibility often depends on income, location, and credit score, checking local housing agencies is the best way to uncover tailored opportunities.
Step-by-Step House Buying Process
Buying a house can feel overwhelming, but breaking it into clear steps makes the process easier to follow. Each stage builds on the last, helping you move from preparation to closing with confidence.
Step 1: Budget & Affordability Calculators
Start by reviewing your income, expenses, and debts to set a realistic budget. Online affordability calculators help you estimate the price range you can comfortably manage, factoring in mortgage payments, taxes, insurance, and other costs. This prevents overspending and sets clear expectations.
Step 2: Get Pre-Approved
Pre-approval involves submitting documents like W-2s, pay stubs, and bank statements so a lender can review your finances and run a credit check. The result is a pre-approval letter showing how much you can borrow, which strengthens your position when making offers.
Step 3: Find a Real Estate Agent
A skilled agent guides you through listings, negotiates on your behalf, and ensures paperwork is handled correctly. Look for someone familiar with your target area and price range, since their expertise can save time and money.
Step 4: House Hunting & Making an Offer
With your budget set, tour homes that meet your needs. Once you find the right property, your agent helps draft an offer, which includes the purchase price, contingencies, and earnest money deposit. Negotiations may follow until both parties agree.
Step 5: Inspection & Appraisal
After your offer is accepted, schedule a home inspection to uncover potential issues. At the same time, the lender orders an appraisal to confirm the property’s value matches the loan amount. These steps protect you from hidden problems and overpaying.
Step 6: Closing Day & Final Paperwork
In the final stage, you’ll review and sign all loan and title documents, pay closing costs, and receive the keys to your new home. Closing typically takes place at a title company or attorney’s office, officially transferring ownership to you.
Costs Beyond the House Price
When calculating the true cost of buying a home, you’ll need to budget for several expenses beyond the listing price. These costs can add up quickly and often surprise first-time buyers:
| Cost Category | Typical Range | Example on $300k Home | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Closing Costs | 2–5% of the loan amount | $6,000–$15,000 (one-time) | Covers appraisal ($300–$600), title ($500–$1,500), origination (0.5–1%), attorney ($500–$1,200), and recording ($100–$250). |
| Home Insurance | $1,200–$2,500 per year | $100–$210 per month | Higher in flood/disaster-prone areas. |
| Property Taxes | 0.5–2% annually | $1,500–$6,000 per year ($125–$500 per month) | Varies widely by state/county; often paid into escrow. |
| Private Mortgage Insurance | 0.3–1.5% annually | $125–$300+ per month (on $250k loan) | Required if the down payment |
| Maintenance Reserves | 1–3% annually | $3,000–$9,000 per year ($250–$750 per month) | Covers repairs, servicing, landscaping, and emergencies. |
| Utilities & HOA Fees | Utilities: $200–$400/month HOA: $100–$500/month |
$200–$900 per month | Depends on region, home size, and HOA amenities. |
Summary Observations
- Closing costs overall fall within the expected 2–6% of the loan amount, though exact fees may vary by state.
- Appraisal fees can be higher than mentioned, commonly $500 to $1,000 or more.
- Title-related fees can vary widely, but the range given is a fair estimate.
- Property tax rates vary considerably by location; the stated range aligns with the US average.
- PMI, insurance, utilities, and HOA fees align well with typical costs seen broadly in 2025.
Home Buying Special Scenarios
Homebuying requirements can vary depending on your financial situation and location.
| Requirement/Program | Details | Who Benefits |
|---|---|---|
| FHA Loan | 3.5% minimum down payment, allows lower credit scores | Low-to-moderate income buyers |
| USDA Loan | 0% down payment, rural property eligibility | Rural buyers with low-to-moderate incomes |
| VA Loan | 0% down payment, flexible credit requirements | Veterans and active-duty service members |
| State Assistance | Grants or forgivable loans for down payment and closing costs | Varies by state and income level |
| California | Strong down payment assistance programs | First-time and low-income buyers |
| Texas | Higher property tax rates to plan for | Homebuyers statewide |
| Florida | Higher insurance costs due to storm risks | Homebuyers statewide |
After You Buy a House
The responsibilities of homeownership don’t stop once you get the keys. Knowing what to prioritize after closing helps you settle in smoothly and protect your investment.
- Setting Up Utilities: Once you move in, you’ll need to establish accounts for electricity, water, gas, internet, and trash collection. Some providers require deposits or credit checks, so it’s smart to schedule connections ahead of time.
- Emergency Fund for Repairs: Unexpected repairs are a normal part of owning a home. Experts recommend setting aside 1–3% of your home’s value each year for maintenance and emergencies.
- Building Home Equity: Equity is the share of your home you own, growing as you pay down the mortgage or property value rises. Extra principal payments, avoiding cash-out refinancing, and smart upgrades can build it faster, creating a financial asset you can borrow against or access when selling.
Conclusion
Buying a home may feel complicated, but now you know the main steps and what you need to buy a house.
From preparing your finances and gathering documents to choosing the right loan and planning for extra costs, you have a clear path to follow.
Take time to reflect on where you stand today – are your savings, credit, and paperwork ready? Remember, staying organized and asking questions along the way makes the process less stressful.
As you move forward, keep in mind that every step brings you closer to owning your own place.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can student loan debt stop me from qualifying for a mortgage?
Not necessarily. Lenders look at your debt-to-income (DTI) ratio. If your income is strong enough to balance your student loans and a mortgage, you may still qualify.
What happens if my financial situation changes after pre-approval?
If you lose a job, take on new debt, or lower your credit score, lenders may deny the loan before closing. It’s best to avoid big financial changes until after the purchase.
Do I need a real estate attorney to buy a house?
It depends on the state. Some require attorneys at closing, while others allow title companies to handle the paperwork. Even when not required, having an attorney can provide peace of mind.
